The Semantic Web and Relational Databases essay

The Semantic Web and Relational Databases - Essay Example I think maybe when you've got an overlay of scalable vector graphics - everything rippling and folding and looking misty on Web 2.0 and access to a semantic Web integrated across a huge space of data, you'll have access to an unbelievable data resource." (Wikipedia, 2009) World Wide Web consortiumW3C is working on this technology to make it more efficient, extendable and presentable to the users. Semantic Web enables the user to find, share and combine information on the web. It is based on machine readable information and uses XML technology to define customized tagging. It provides the common language to represent how the data is related to real world objects. The central idea is to provide the specific user requirements from the web. It is not a communication between web pages, but it describes relationships between objects. A software database technology includes some aspects through which semantic web works. Data which is transferred by human intervention or by machine is portably collected in a data space. Data spaces are domain specific. They are identified by an identifier. The data which can be viewed in object oriented view is called a data space. Linked data is a part of the Semantic web which is identified by URI (Uniform resource identifier). The Data or object existed in the data space must be movable and can be identified and cited by the uniform resource identifier whenever required. Open linked database, which is called as â€Å"ODS† is a distributed, collaborative web application platform, social network and content management system. It has been written using VSP, VSPX and the open link AJAX toolkit. It incorporates wide range of industry standards for data access and management (Wikipedia, 2009).

Inventory and Fixed Assest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Inventory and Fixed Assest - Essay Example Inventory is categorized as a current asset in the balance sheet. Most manufacturing companies have large amounts of inventory. That inventory can go down in value for various reasons including technological advances. â€Å"Accounting Research Bulletin No. 43 (ARB No. 43) leads to an accounting valuation method known as the lower of cost or market, or LCM† (Accountingcoach, 2011). Based on ARB No. 43 the word market refers to the current replacement cost of the item. A concept related to the calculation of lower of cost or market is net realizable value (NRV). The net realizable value is defined as the expected price minus the cost for completion and disposal. Another variable that must be considered in LCM calculations are the lower ceiling and upper ceiling. The upper ceiling is the same amount as the NRV, while the lower ceiling is calculated by subtracting normal profit from NRV. The accounting for lower cost or market requires specific journal entries to record LCM. The t wo ledger accounts used by accountants are: Allowance to Reduce Inventory to LCM Loss from Reducing Inventory to LCM Take for example a company that had an inventory with a cost of $70,000 and market value of $68,000. The journal entry to record LCM is illustrated below: Loss from Reducing Inventory to LCM 2000 Allowance to Reduce Inventory to LCM 2000 Capitalizing interest on building construction Interest are typically categorized as an expense under normal accounting rules based on the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). An exception to the rules applies to interest associated with construction projects. â€Å"ASC 835-20 states that institutions are required to capitalize the interest cost incurred during the acquisition process or construction of the asset† (Patel, 2010). As interest gets capitalized they become a part of the historical price of an asset which subsequently must be depreciated over the useful life of the asset. FASB statement No. 34, Capitaliz ation of Interest Costs, provides the guidelines that accountants must follow in order to capitalize interest associated with construction of a building or asset. Three conditions are necessary for the capitalization of interest: 1. The qualifying expenditures must have already occurred 2. The company must be paying actual interest 3. Activities to prepare the asset must be already underway (Young & Gowans, 2009). Expenditures that require cash payment or other transfers of assets are considered qualifying expenditures. Inventory that are manufactured on a routine basis do not qualify for the capitalization of interest. Property that was donated also does not qualify for the capitalization of interest. The two methods to compute capitalization of interest are the weight average and the specific method. There are limits to the amount of interest that may be capitalized. The general rule is that companies can only capitalize interest up to the amount of the incurred interest during an accounting period. â€Å"FASB No. 34 requires for each accounting period disclosure in the financial statements or the notes of the total amount of interest cost incurred and any amount of interest that was capitalized in each accounting period† (Young, et al., 2009). Recording gain or loss on asset disposal

Importance of Debate in John Milton’s Paradise Lost :: Milton Paradise Lost Essays

Importance of Debate in John Milton’s Paradise Lost Paradise Lost Is an epic novel depicting the creation of the world and Man's fall from grace. It also shows the fall of Lucifer and his entrapment in Hell with other arch demons. Though Lucifer was one of the most beautiful angels, he became the most hideous of creatures in hell as Satan, the most powerful demigod-god. Satan resents God for the punishment that he has received and seeks revenge on Him. Satan knows, however, that he and his forces are no match for the might of Heaven, so he calls for a debate among his devilish council to work through their options. John Milton portrays the arch-demons of hell like members of the Senate, toiling over how to get back at God. The arguments are similar only in that they all believe that some course of action must be taken, but in most ways they are vastly different. Each debate builds on the last until the best compromise is met. Satan begins the debate with his opening remarks. He sounds hopeful, even though he knows that Hell is no match for God. Satan then yields the floor to Moloch, who argues the most extreme course of action. He believes that a full out war on Heaven is the only way to seek revenge on God. Moloch's speech was the first argument so the other demons were the most open minded about his ideas. Belial then took the stand, though he had a far different view than Moloch's. Belial can see that they are no match for the power of God, and therefore denizens of Hell should be benign and hope that God pities them. In other words, Belial is ready to give up because he recognizes that their hands are tied. He is hoping that God wants them to realize this and will allow them back into heaven for admitting that He is superior. Belial's argument is the complete opposite of Moloch's in that he believes in repentance, not revenge. Mammon disagrees totally with Belial's argument. He thinks that because they have been banished from heaven and become so obviously hideous, there is no longer any place for them there. He believes that they are forever banished to Hell and they should make the most of their situation. Repentance is not an option in his mind. According to Mammon, the arch-demons should make the most of a bad situation.

Causes And Impacts Of Global Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay

This paper investigates the causes and effects of planetary clime alteration. The issue of clime alteration has become good known in most societies. Still, a fragment of the universe ‘s population still refuses to believe in the rise of the temperature of the Earth ‘s surface or that worlds are the cause of it. Scientists all around the universe have come to hold that clime alteration is in fact go oning and will go on to worsen if stairss are non taken in the close hereafter. In this piece, the chief causes for clime alteration and the impacts of clime alteration on the Earth are brought up. Many surveies have been conducted on this country, but this paper attempts to convey farther information on the issue of climate alteration.IntroductionIn this twenty-four hours and age, clime alteration has become a great issue that scientists all around the universe have come to accept due to countless scientific grounds on the effects of clime alteration. Climate alteration is bas ically the addition of the average temperature of the surface of the Earth. Scientists are get downing to take this issue earnestly as the Earth ‘s temperature has risen significantly in recent old ages on history of clime alteration. If action is non taken fleetly and efficaciously, it will shortly be excessively late for us to salvage the Earth from a clime calamity. Though a portion of the planetary population are still non cognizant of this issue or are in denial and garbage to believe it is go oning, the of all time turning impacts of clime alteration are forces to be reckoned with. Climate alteration has been traveling on for a long clip now. Still, most of the society every bit good as many authoritiess have taken no steps whatsoever to control this planetary job. This may be because people and authoritiess are non yet alarm to the effects of clime alteration. The fact that people are unmindful to this issue must be changed. Scientists play a major function here as the work done by scientists can turn out clime alteration and furthermore provide grounds to back up clime alteration. Governments that consult scientists before doing determinations that affect the environment, and follow the suggestions and recommendations by scientists that benefit the environment can assist enormously to control clime alteration. In order to happen out the attacks and means to cut down planetary clime alteration, authoritiess and the society must foremost accept the fact that clime alteration is happening and cognize that the state of affairs will non merely non better, but deteriorate without every one of our aid. After accepting the state of affairs, the following measure would be to be cognizant of the causes of clime alteration so we can halt them. To make this, scientists have conducted many researches on different facets of clime alteration.Causes of Climate ChangeSome people believe that scientists are still divided on the affair of clime alteration. A little portion of society still holds on to the belief that clime alteration is non to the full proven or agreed upon by scientists. However, the declining province of the Earth is going proof plenty that something worlds are making is doing the Earth ‘s temperature to lift. Scientists have discovered that clime alteration is due to many grounds. O f them all, emanation of nursery gases emerged as a great subscriber to planetary clime alteration. Greenhouse gases are a type of gases that are released and absorbed in the ambiance. These gases when released in extra become highly harmful towards the Earth and contribute significantly to the lifting temperatures and in short, climate alteration. Harmful nursery gases include C dioxide, azotic oxide, methane, CFC and many more. These gases are emitted both from natural beginnings and human activity. Carbon dioxide is released in many human activities. The most important release of C dioxide is from the really organic structure of worlds because people release C dioxide into the ambiance through external respiration. Nonetheless, in the C rhythm, C dioxide which is released from worlds is retrieved by workss to carry on photosynthesis. Then, workss excrete O to be used in human respiration. Through this rhythm, the sum of C dioxide in the ambiance is kept at a safe degree. Sadly, deforestation has caused a immense figure of trees to be removed from our land. Large subdivisions of the surface of the Earth that used to be covered by trees have now become spots of bald land for building of edifices and roads. This means that the C dioxide released by worlds are now rolling free in the ambiance as it has no other to put to travel to. In add-on to deforestation doing the addition of C dioxide in the ambiance, many other factors contribute in the emanation of this destructive gas. Of these are the combustion of fossil fuels, emanation from production mills, and many other industries. Fossil fuels such as natural gas and coal are burned to bring forth electricity, which powers places, commercial edifices and mills likewise. This makes it difficult for authoritiess to command the burning of fossil fuels due to the sheer importance of the operation of these substructures. Besides C dioxide, another unsafe gas is methane. Methane is an abundant organic compound because it chiefly comes from farm animal such as cowss and sheep. Methane is released into the ambiance from the elimination of cowss, sheep and certain other farm animal. This nursery gas is in some ways more harmful than C dioxide because it traps heat and prevents heat from get awaying out of the Earth ‘s ambiance ( Hunter, 2008 ) . Furthermore, it is hard to cut down the emanation of methane from farm animal when it is obvious that we can non halt cowss and sheep from elimination. Chlorofluorocarbon is besides a nursery gas that is doing climate alteration. Chlorofluorocarbon is emitted by many semisynthetic contraptions. Out of the many are from air-conditioners and iceboxs. Fortunately, this can be changed if people would cut down the emanation of CFC merely by non turning on air-conditioners during yearss that are non excessively warm and non maintaining iceboxs open for excessively long so as to forestall extra CFC from get awaying from the icebox.Impacts of Climate ChangeClimate alteration has impacted the Earth and Mother Nature in uncountable and even irreversible ways. Based on a research by Maracchi and Baldi ( 2006 ) , the writers concluded that clime alteration has resulted in higher upper limit planetary temperatures, higher minimal temperatures, increased drouth hazard and increased tropical storm strength. This overall means that the yearss are acquiring hotter in some countries, and colder in others. Climate alteration has caused hurricanes and other natural catastrophes to decline over the past few old ages. In some topographic points, the conditions has besides been affected and showed alterations that had ne'er been exhibited before. From another angle, clime alteration has affected and will impact the wellness of the human population. In some countries of the universe, harvest output has become scarce due to the germinating clime and human nutrition may endure from this. Research by Lloyd, Kovats, and Chalabi ( 2011 ) showed that even after taking into history the fast turning economic system of the universe, clime alteration is still likely to weaken future attempts to cut down child malnutrition. In the context of human version and extenuation of the effects of clime alteration, research workers have conducted surveies to research whether or non people would pattern voluntary extenuation and how they would accommodate to climate alteration. Semenza, Ploubidis and George ( 2011 ) stated that â€Å" motive for voluntary extenuation is largely dependent on sensed susceptibleness to menaces and badness of clime alteration or clime variableness impacts, whereas version is mostly dependent on the handiness of information relevant to climate alteration † . In a separate survey, research workers investigated the wellness impacts of clime alteration in population motions, and examined the wellness deductions of three types of motions likely to be induced by clime alteration. These are physical supplanting by clime impacts, relocation strategies, and migration as an adaptative response ( McMichael, Barnett, & A ; McMichael, 2012 ) . The research workers found that if climate alteration continues on its current class, so it is likely that there will be an addition in the Numberss of people migrating over the coming old ages and wellness hazards will outweigh wellness benefits. On a more scientific note, clime alteration has had its effects on mass motion in mountain environments. By mass motion, Stoffel and Huggel ( 2012 ) referred to motion on mountain countries such as shallow landslides, dust flows, stone incline failures, and ice avalanches. In this survey, the writers found that â€Å" the effects of altering mean and utmost temperature and precipitation are likely to be widespread and to act upon both the happening and the magnitude of future mass motions in mountain parts around the Earth † .DiscussionIn my sentiment, the issue of climate alteration can no longer be solved. If the hole in our Earth ‘s ozone bed is any index, the harm that has been inflicted on this planet is largely irreversible. Nevertheless, authoritiess and people of the society can still take stairss to try to decelerate down the effects of clime alteration. For one thing, authoritiess can get down by happening ways to cut down the emanation of harmful nursery gases . Governments can besides work to increase consciousness of clime alteration and promote the society to take part in attempts to control the effects of clime alteration. Besides that, authoritiess all around the universe should work together to be able to to the full get the better of this job. More scientists should be hired in order to come up with more effectual ways to cover with clime alteration in the hereafter.DecisionClimate alteration is so traveling to go on to impact our Earth negatively and will convey much enduring to the hereafter coevalss if no action is taken shortly. Climate alteration is non an issue that will merely melt off without the attempt of the whole human population. To salvage our planet, it is clip we all came Forth to play a function in its saving. Though we think we are merely one, it is all the 1s that make many and do an impact on the universe.

Personal Data Protection Act 2010 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3157 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Tags: Act Essay Did you like this example? Intro of PDPA Regulation of the processing, use and disclosure of the personal data in our country, Malaysia has been a subject of the interest as well as hot debate topic started since the late of 1990s. Even though the use, disclosure and processing of personal data in the certain industries, for example the banking and also finance, telecommunications industries as well as healthcare, is regulated and controlled by the some industry-specific legislation, but there has not been any about data protection legislation of the general application in our country Malaysia until 2010. There are several data protection legislation have been drafted and proposed over these years, which including the proposed of Data Protection Bill 2001 as well as the Data Protection Bill 1998, but none of these came to the fruition. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Personal Data Protection Act 2010" essay for you Create order Then, a new Personal Data Protection Act 2010 known as PDPA has recently finally enacted successfully due to the serious increasing need to curb those unauthorised use of the personal data in our country, Malaysia. The Personal Data Protection Act 2010 was passed through Malaysian Parliament in month of May 2010 while received the Royal Assent on date 2 June 2010 and then legislations will be come into operation on date which appointed by minister of Information Communications and Culture with notification in Gazette. The Personal Data Protection purposely to protect and safeguard personal data by requiring those data user to comply with some certain obligations as well as conferring some certain rights to the data subject which in relation to his personal data. Reason of PDPA enactment Malaysia, after such a long wait, finally (PDPA) Personal Data Protection Act 2010 has finally been passed and came into fruition. PDPA 2010 actually seeks to regulate and control the proc essing of the personal data of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s involved in the commercial transactions by the data users so as to safeguard and provide protection to individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personal data, by that safeguarding the interests of individual. The passing and enactment of the PDPA is timely, in order for the information can be transferred as well as transmitted seamlessly and that sometimes, effortlessly. As we know, from the traditional snail mail to those social networking tool like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Tweet-ingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , personal and often such vital and very important information of individuals can now be very easily shared just with a click perhaps. New technologies nowadays and the flow of changing market trends are big contributing to the increasingly important role of the information in this global market economy. Such information, in particular the personal data of the individuals which involved in the commercial transactions, has come into a valuable commod ity. Last but not least, such legislation to protect and safeguard personal data has been enacted and applied in jurisdictions such as Canada, European Union, New Zealand and Hong Kong. The Act in PDPA is similar to legislation which enacted in those countries. Comparison with Foreign Statutes There has been much expectation on the Personal Data Protection Act 2010 (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“PDPAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) as it would be the legislation in Malaysia which handles with the protection of personal data. The Act was enacted and passed in 2010 and was recently published on the newspaper on 15th November 2013. It should be noted that the principles of data protection laws included in the PDPA are quite identical to the principles in other jurisdictions such as the UK and Singapore. The PDPA handles to any personal data processed in Malaysia or is planned to be processed in Malaysia regarding commercial transactions by any person settled in Malaysia or person who is not settled in M alaysia but applies the equipment in Malaysia and the desire is not to transit through Malaysia. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Commercial transactionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  under the PDPA is defined as any transaction of a commercial nature which contains swap of goods or services, agency, investments, financing, banking and insurance but does not contain a credit reporting business. Credit reporting business such as CTOS explorations would not be classified as a commercial transaction under the Act. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Personal Dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  under the PDPA seems to be adequately broad to protect the common types of personal information gathered in day to day transactions for instance; name, address, telephone number, email address, banking details and identification card numbers. However, as mentioned, the information has to be related to commercial transactions. As contrast with the UK DPA 1998 as the act emphasis on the capability to classify an individual relies partially on the data held an d partially on other information, the data adhered will still be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“personal dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The definition also particularly contains views about the individual, or what is intended for them. Hence, we can assume that UK act does cover generally on the definition of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Personal Dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. PDPA 2010 regulates the data by processing of personal data under the virtue of the section 5 and there are seven principles in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Processingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of personal data includes collecting, recording, holding or storing the personal data or carrying out any operation or set of operations on the personal data which includes: i) organisation, adaptation or alteration; ii) retrieval, consultation or use; iii) disclosure by transmission, transfer, dissemination, or otherwise making available; iv) alignment, combination, correction, erasure or destruction. The PDPA does not apply to non-commercial transactions, the Feder al and State Governments of Malaysia nor does it apply to any personal data processed outside Malaysia. Whereas in United kingdom, the legislation regulating personal data and processing personal information will have several ways in determining it and the Directive and the DPA protect two usual categories of information: information processed, or intended to be processed, fully or partially by electronic means; and information processed alternatively than by automatic means which form part of, or are intended to form part of, a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"applicable filing systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. In most circumstances it will be a relatively straight forward task to determine: (a) whether the information is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for the purposes of the DPA; and (b) whether the information in question relates to anà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"identifiable individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and consequently, to determine whether à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"personal dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is being processe d. Furthermore,the DPA introduces two more types of manual processing of information which, if the information relates to an identifiable individual, will involve processing of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"personal dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. These extra categories of processing are implemented in the DPA definition of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and involve: processing information as part of an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"accessible recordà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢; and processing recorded information held by a public authority. Sensitive data Under the Act, a difference has been classified between à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sensitive personal dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“personal dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Sensitive personal dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ any personal data consisting of information as to the physical or mental health or condition of a data subject, his political opinions, his religious beliefs or other beliefs of a similar nature, the commission or alleged commission by him of any offence or any other personal data as the Minister may determine by order published in the Gazetteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[1] Any revelation of sensitive personal data must be done in accordance with s.40 of the Act, which wishes a data user to be more cautious in processing sensitive personal data. Due to the attributes of sensitive personal data, a greater limits is imposed for data users in processing it. A data user must not process sensitive personal data unless with the clear permission of the data subject. While à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢clear permissionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is not defined in the Act, arguably, the data subject should be mandatory to provide his exact and precise permission to the processing of his sensitive personal data. However the requirement for precise permission from the data subject, The Act also grants the processing of sensitive personal data where it is illustrated under section 40 of the Pers onal Data Protection Act 2010.While the United Kingdomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Data Protection Act 1998 stated that whereby Sensitive personal data means personal data consisting of information as to (a) the racial or ethnic origin of the data subject, (b) his political opinions, (c) his religious beliefs or other beliefs of a similar nature, (d) Whether he is a member of a trade union (within the meaning of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992), (e) his physical or mental health or condition, (f) his sexual life, (g) the commission or alleged commission by him of any offence, or (h) any proceedings for any offence committed or alleged to have been committed by him, the disposal of such proceedings or the sentence of any court in such proceedings.[2] The classification of sensitive personal data in United kingdom are widely drafted so that, for example, information that someone has a broken hand is categorized as sensitive personal data, even though such information is comparatively matter of fact and clear to anyone seeing the individual regarding with their leg in plaster and using crutches. Obviously, features about an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mental health, for example, are basically much more à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sensitiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  than whether they have a broken hand. Religion or race, or both, can always be understood with changing degrees of credence from dress or name. For instance, many surnames are identified with a specific race or religion, or both, and may assume the race and religion of the individuals involved. Nevertheless, it would be ridiculous to take all such names as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sensitive personal dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , which would mean that to clench such names on customer databases you had to fulfill a situation for processing sensitive personal data. However, if you processed such names particularly because they represented race or religion, for instance to deliver commerce materials for goods and services intended at individuals of that race or religion, then you will be processing sensitive personal data. In any affair, you must beware when making presumptions about individuals as you could be compiling incorrect personal data. Hence, regards to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"sensitive dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Malaysia shares the same view with the United Kingdom. Case Analysis In the case of H( A Healthcare Worker) v Associated Newspapers Limited [2002] EWCA Civ 195, the applicant, H had been a health care worker, but was no longer working and he had diagnosed HIV positive. H commenced an action against his previous employer, N seeking a declaration that the notification was contrary to the Data Protection Act and an injunction to prohibit N from obtaining the records. He had obtained an order under the rules to protect his identity within the proceedings. The court held that the order against the newspaper obtained as part of the first action, but the new spaper was restricted to publish anything which might reveal his identification directly or indirectly. [3]In this case, the judge states that the identity of the patient shall be well protected, it shall be very privacy and must be confidential. This case clearly shows that the information of data detail of the patient shall not be publish direct or indirectly. In the case of Douglas v Hello! [2003] EWHC 786 (Ch), a claim for breach of confidence, breach of Data Protection Act 1998 and breach of Article 8 as a consequence of the unauthorized publication against Hello! of the wedding prototroph of Mr and Mrs Douglas. The defendant taken without consent and the exclusive right to photograph the wedding had previously been sold to a rival magazine, Ok. The court states that the defendant is taken to be a data controller by which the unauthorized pictures represent personal data and the publication in England is considered as part of the operations covered by the requirement of the Act. [4]In other words, a data controller shall be responsible for the publication of the data which he is no authorized to publish yet. Meanwhile, a data controller shall be responsible for the publication of the copies which reproduce data that has previously been processed. In this case, the defendant does not has the right to take photograph on the wedding and the unauthorized publish shall be considered as in breach of the data protection act. Based on this case, it is well to be said that there is a need and how important of the act shall be come into force, so that the personal data have a safeguard to protect it. According to the case of Lord Ashcroft v Attorney- general Department for International Development [2002] EWHC 1122(QB), There are articles published in newspaper on 1999 and 2000 revealed confidential and sensitive personal information about Lord Ashcroft. The information which contained in documents leaked from the Foreign Office and the second defendant. The issue in this case is whether the Data Protection Act 1984 provided a private law remedy in damages for the leak of the document in breach of the data protection principle. The court held that the private law right to damages conferred by the act would be allowed only to the extent that it sought damages under the section for the disclosure of document. [5]As under this case, it clearly show that the data protection act could only be invoke where there is an actual infringe or publish of the document or data which would be defamatory toward someone. In the case of Campbell v MGN Ltd (QBD) [2002] EWHC 499 (QB), the claimant was photographed of a Narcotics Anonymous (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“NAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) meeting and the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mirrorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  published an articles consist of the photographs of her with the other attendeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s of the meetingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s faces pixilated to protect their identities. The articles with headline read à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Naomi: I m a drug addictà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and consist of information relating to Ms Campbellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s treatment for drug addiction, including the number of NA meeting she had attended. The claimant claimed damages for breach of confidentiality and compensation for the articles and subsequent ones published by the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mirrorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  under s 13 of Data Protection Act 1998. The claimant states that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mirrorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  was entitled to publish that she was a drug addict and the fact that she was having therapy but the information of therapy being obtained through NA and the detail of her attendance at meeting shall be private and confidential. The court held that the defendant may publish the articles as consent by the claimant by which she is having drug addict and receiving her therapy. But the defendant shall not obtained and publish the detail of the attendance and the therapy without consent of the claimant, the detail of the claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attendance at NA shall be confidential. [6]Therefore, the claimant was entitle dot the remedy for the disclosure of the detail of her treatment. By refer to this case, a person is permit to publish the contents which is consent by someone and prohibited to publish any personal data which may lower the dignity of someone. Cases after the emforcement of Data Protection Act 1998, United Kingdom. In Campbell v Mirror Group Newspapers Ltd[7] ,the claimant, Naomi Campbell, the well known supermodel has sued the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mirrorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Newspaper Group Ltd over the allegations contained in the articles that she was addicted to drug and was engaging the in the meeting of Narcotics Anonymous. The article comes with a photo which shows that she was leaving Narcotics Anonymous. However, source of the newspapers information was not revealed. The fact that MsCampbell is addicted to drug has never been disclosed by any social media. In fact she used to tell the media that she would be someone whom forever immune from drug despite their prevalence in modeling industry. MsCampbell claimed damages for breach of confidence, alleging that her right to privacy contained in Art8 of the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) outweighed the newspapers right to freedom of expression contained in Art 10. She also sought compensation for a breach of the Data Protection Act 1988 (UK). One of the issue was whether she can claim for her right to privacy under Data Protection Act 1998. There are three requirements laid down in the data protection principle under s4 of the Data Protection Act 1998 (UK) .The processing must have been fair, lawful, and only carried out if at least one of the conditions in Schedule2 was met, and in the case of sensitive personal data. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“mirrorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  newspaper had contravened the Act. The exemption contained in s32 where data is processed only for the special purposes and with a view to publication only applies prior to publication and has no application once publication has taken place. The court has uphold the claim and held that details of MsCampbells attendance at Narcotics Anonymous had the necessary quality of confidence to sustain an action for breach of confidence , one of the reason is that photographs were capabl e of having the quality of confidence, and had that quality in this case. Court further strengthen that those who deliberately court publicity are also deserve to have privacy in their life and and should be respected by the media unless there exists an overriding public interest consistent with Art10(2). Therefore, MsCambell has been awarded to aggravated damages of  £1000, for the additional distress suffered by the newspapers conduct, following the publication of the article. In case of Edem v Information Commissioner[8], thefirst defendant decline to order the disclosure or the names of three members of the staff of the second defendant Financial Services Authority in response to an information request by the claimant. Nevertheless, the claimant appealed on grounds including that the names of the employees were notpersonal dataand it would not be possible to find them. The issue here now was whether the disclosure of the names of the officials could be withhel d on the basis that they were personal dataand that disclosure of that information would contravene the first principle of Part 1 ofSch 1to theData Protection Act 1998. The court has dismissed the appeal and held that to disclose the names of the three individuals would be to disclose theirpersonal data. In the case of Kjo v Xim[9], the claimant forged a will of his maternal grandmother. Later on, he pleaded guilty as his action was being detected and being sentenced to nine months imprisonment. After that, he moved and lived in Hong Kong. He was dogged for a long time by communications sent to various employers, potential employers and official bodies by his motherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s brother, the defendant, informing them of his conviction and sentence for forgery. The claimant alleged that that only came to his attention and the end of 2008, as the defendant had been at pains to conceal what he had been up too. The claimant has applied an injunction against the defendant to restrain him from communicating any further information about the 1992 conviction. His ground was there could be no legitimate purpose served by the defendant continuing his campaign. Subsequently, he applied for summary judgment based onData Protection Act 1998. The issue was whether summary judgment ought to be entered in favor of claimant on data protection claim based on Data Protection Act 1998 The court dismissed claimantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s application as there had not been sufficient evidence of intention on the defendantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s part. There was also no basis upon which the court could at the instant stage grant summary judgment. [1] Section 40 of the Personal Data Protection Act 2010 [2] United Kingdom Data Protection Act 1998 [3] https://swarb.co.uk/h-a-healthcare-worker-v-associated-newspapers-limited-ca-27-feb-2002/ [4] https://www.1cor.com/1315/?form_1155.replyids=576 [5] https://www.5rb.com/case/lord-ashcroft-v-attorney-general-department-for-international-development/ [6] https://www.5rb.com/case/campbell-v-mgn-ltd-qbd/ [7] (2002)54 IPR 645 [8] [2 014] EWCA Civ 92 [9] [2011] EWHC 1768 (QB)

6 Major U.S. Supreme Court Hate Speech Cases

Analysis Of The Book 23 Things They Don t Tell You...

â€Å"95 per cent of economics is common sense made complicated† (Chang, 2011, p xviii). In his book, 23 Things They Don’t Tell You About Capitalism, Korean economist, Ha-Joon Chang, assaults economic orthodoxy and questions many theories and empirical facts that we take for granted. Written shortly after the ‘credit crunch’ of 2008, Chang argues that this economic crisis was created by the free-market ideology which has been dominant since the 1980s and attempts to remove our rose-tinted glasses that neo-liberal ideologies like [us] to wear every day (Chang, 2011, p xiv) unveiling the ‘truth’ about capitalism that free-marketer’s won’t. Although he outlines eight principles that he believes are crucial in the redesigning of our economics systems, Chang stresses the fact that this book is not an anti-capitalist manifesto. Chang breaks down his discussion into 23 ‘things’ ranging from a post-industrial society to efficient markets. Chang’s unconventional style of writing allows for the reader to pick and choose chapters, according to their interests. He addresses to the wider public, but ensures the reader that the book is not an ‘economics for dummies.’ Chang stands as a ‘heterodox’ economist who has spent most of his academic career challenging the free market dogma that has surprisingly outlived the financial crisis, but despite its problems and limitations, he believes â€Å"capitalism is still the best economic system that humanity has invented† (Chang, 2011, p xv). EachShow MoreRelatedGlobalisation: Manufacturing and Workplace Change5164 Words   |  21 PagesThe phenomenon known as globalisation Introduction To begin with, tell them that they will need to look at the essay questions today Later we will be doing a trial reflective exercise Let s look at Globalisation My story When my colleagues and I were faced with redundancy we were placed in a unique position. 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